My dissertation spotlights thinkers who explored the idea of Jewish non-territorial autonomy in the twentieth century. Through examining the often overlooked political dimensions of the thought of major twentieth century Jewish thinkers, I uncover how they conceptualized global politics and political order through a rethinking or rejection of totalizing modern conceptions of state sovereignty. In turn, I show how these thinkers expose limitations in IR theory and practice regarding concepts such as self-determination, diaspora, and sovereignty.